Comparative method

Comparative Law

Common-law statutes, cases, and governance benchmarks for comparing Chinese company-law solutions with Hong Kong, Delaware, UK, Singapore, and transnational materials.

literature Greater China English summary

A Study on the Conception and Characteristic of Limited Liability Company in the Company Law of Mainland

論大陸公司法上有關有限責任公司之概念與特性

Analyzes the limited liability company form in Mainland China, including state-owned companies, foreign-invested enterprises, one-person companies, and ownership-control separation.

Authority
Zhao Dongji
Citation
Zhao Dongji, Soochow Law Review, 2000, 12(2), pp. 295-325
Date
2000-01-01
comparative Singapore English original

Companies Act 1967

Singapore's principal companies legislation, covering incorporation, management, shares, accounts, registers, director duties, and winding up.

Authority
Singapore Statutes Online
Citation
2020 Revised Edition; current version online
Date
2026-05-17
comparative United Kingdom English original

Companies Act 2006

The UK's principal company statute, including incorporation, constitutional documents, accounts, directors' duties, derivative claims, and member remedies.

Authority
UK Parliament and The National Archives
Citation
2006 c. 46
Date
2006-11-08
comparative Hong Kong Official translation

Companies Ordinance (Cap. 622)

公司条例(第622章)

Hong Kong's modern company statute, useful for comparing incorporation, solvency, directors' duties, member remedies, records, and public filing.

Authority
Companies Registry and Hong Kong e-Legislation
Citation
Hong Kong Companies Ordinance
Date
2014-03-03
comparative United States English original

Delaware General Corporation Law

The dominant U.S. corporate statute for large corporations, often studied with Delaware fiduciary-duty case law.

Authority
State of Delaware
Citation
Delaware Code, Title 8, Chapter 1
Date
2026-05-17
case United Kingdom English original

Foss v. Harbottle

The classic proper-plaintiff rule, useful for understanding why derivative actions are exceptional rather than ordinary shareholder suits.

Authority
Court of Chancery
Citation
(1843) 2 Hare 461
Date
1843-01-01
literature Transnational English original

G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2023

A global benchmark on shareholder rights, institutional investors, disclosure, board responsibilities, sustainability, and market integrity.

Authority
OECD
Citation
OECD Publishing, 2023
Date
2023-09-11
case United States English original

In re Caremark International Inc. Derivative Litigation

A foundational Delaware case on board oversight duties and the difficulty of imposing liability for failure to monitor corporate compliance.

Authority
Delaware Court of Chancery
Citation
698 A.2d 959 (Del. Ch. 1996)
Date
1996-09-25
literature Comparative English original

Law and the Rise of the Firm

Historical and economic account of entity shielding, arguing that protecting firm assets from owners' personal creditors is central to the emergence of the modern firm.

Authority
Henry Hansmann, Reinier Kraakman, and Richard Squire
Citation
Henry Hansmann, Reinier Kraakman, and Richard Squire, Harvard Law Review, 2006
Date
2006-03-01
literature Transnational English original

OECD Corporate Governance Factbook 2025

Comparative data on corporate governance frameworks across 52 jurisdictions, including shareholder rights, board structures, sustainability disclosure, ownership patterns, and recent law reforms.

Authority
OECD
Citation
OECD Publishing, 2025
Date
2025-10-06
literature Comparative English original

Piercing the Corporate Veil: Historical, Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives

Comparative analysis of veil piercing across common-law and civil-law systems, including China, Germany, England, Singapore, and the United States.

Authority
Cheng Han Tan, Jiangyu Wang, and Christian Hofmann
Citation
Cheng Han Tan, Jiangyu Wang, and Christian Hofmann, Berkeley Business Law Journal, 2019
Date
2019-03-02
case United Kingdom English original

Salomon v. A Salomon & Co Ltd

The classic common-law authority for separate corporate personality and limited liability.

Authority
House of Lords
Citation
[1897] AC 22
Date
1896-11-16
case United States English original

Smith v. Van Gorkom

A Delaware duty-of-care case focused on whether directors adequately informed themselves before approving a merger.

Authority
Delaware Supreme Court
Citation
488 A.2d 858 (Del. 1985)
Date
1985-01-29
literature Comparative English original

The Essential Role of Organizational Law

Classic corporate-law theory explaining why legal entities do more than supply contract terms: organizational law enables asset partitioning that private contracts cannot reliably create.

Authority
Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman
Citation
Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman, Yale Law Journal, 2000
Date
2000-12-01
literature Comparative English original

The Legal and Institutional Preconditions for Strong Securities Markets

Classic account of the legal and institutional supports needed for strong securities markets, including disclosure, enforcement, investor remedies, and controlling-shareholder constraints.

Authority
Bernard S. Black
Citation
Bernard S. Black, UCLA Law Review, 2001
Date
2001-01-01