Primary law
Official and source-linked legislation, regulations, judicial interpretations, regulatory rules, and comparative statutes for Chinese company-law study.
NPC basic laws that provide the private-law frame for company law.
中华人民共和国民法典
The general private-law framework for legal persons, civil juristic acts, agency, property, contracts, tort liability, and remedies that company-law disputes often rely on.
《民法典》第505条：超越经营范围订立合同的效力
Statutory rule that contracts entered beyond business scope are not invalid merely for that reason; validity depends on the Civil Code's general rules and the contract chapter.
National statutes for companies, securities, enterprise forms, bankruptcy, foreign investment, and state-owned assets.
中华人民共和国民营经济促进法
Foundational statute promoting and protecting China's private economy through equal treatment, fair competition, investment and financing support, innovation, regulated operation, service guarantees, rights protection, and legal responsibility.
中华人民共和国公司法
The core statute for Chinese companies, covering legal personality, registration, capital, corporate organs, directors' duties, state-invested companies, bonds, accounting, restructuring, dissolution, liquidation, and liability.
中华人民共和国反垄断法
Framework law for monopoly agreements, abuse of dominance, concentration of undertakings, administrative monopoly, antimonopoly investigation, and legal liability.
中华人民共和国证券法
The central securities statute for public offerings, trading, disclosure, investor protection, intermediaries, securities exchanges, supervision, and civil liability.
中华人民共和国外商投资法
The framework statute for foreign investment access, promotion, protection, information reporting, national treatment, negative lists, and foreign-invested enterprise governance.
中华人民共和国公司法（2018年修正）
The principal Company Law text before the 2023 revision, useful for transition questions and for comparing the former capital, governance, and share-repurchase framework.
中华人民共和国证券投资基金法
The principal statute for securities investment funds, including fund property independence, manager and custodian duties, non-publicly offered funds, fund services, industry association functions, supervision, and liability.
中华人民共和国证券法（2014年修正）
The last Securities Law text before the 2019 comprehensive revision, useful for older disclosure, acquisition, and public-offering disputes.
中华人民共和国公司法（2013年修正）
The 2013 amendment introduced the subscribed-capital registration model that shaped the decade before the 2023 reform.
中华人民共和国证券法（2013年修正）
A pre-2014 Securities Law text useful for tracing the older public-offering, continuing disclosure, and listed-company acquisition framework.
中华人民共和国企业国有资产法
A statute on state investor functions, state-owned asset transfer, supervision, enterprise restructuring, and duties of personnel involved in state-invested enterprises.
中华人民共和国企业破产法
The core corporate insolvency statute for bankruptcy liquidation, reorganization, settlement, administrators, creditor meetings, debtor property, and cross-border recognition.
中华人民共和国合伙企业法
The principal statute for general and limited partnerships, useful for contrasting partner liability, partnership property, and governance with company personality and limited shareholder liability.
中华人民共和国公司法（2005年修订）
The 2005 revision modernized Chinese company law before the 2013 capital-registration reform, especially in governance, shareholder rights, and limited liability.
中华人民共和国证券法（2005年修订）
A historical securities-law baseline for listed-company governance, disclosure, and market supervision before later reforms.
中华人民共和国公司法（2004年第二次修正）
A historical Company Law text before the comprehensive 2005 revision, useful for tracing the pre-2006 company-registration and governance framework.
中华人民共和国证券法（2004年第一次修正）
A historical Securities Law text before the 2005 revision, useful for early capital-market regulation research.
中华人民共和国信托法
The foundational statute for trust relationships, including trust establishment, trust property independence, trustee duties, beneficiary rights, and termination.
中华人民共和国个人独资企业法
Defines the sole proprietorship as a business entity funded by one natural person, with property personally owned by the investor and debts backed by unlimited personal liability.
中华人民共和国公司法（1999年第一次修正）
The first amended Company Law text, useful for early PRC company-law history and the transition from the original 1993 statute.
中华人民共和国证券法（1998年制定）
The original PRC Securities Law, important for understanding the first statutory framework for securities issuance, trading, disclosure, and market supervision.
中华人民共和国合伙企业法（1997年制定）
The original Partnership Enterprise Law, useful for comparing the older partnership framework with the 2006 revision.
中华人民共和国公司法（1993年制定）
The first PRC Company Law, important for understanding the original limited-liability company and company-limited-by-shares structure.
State Council regulations and connected State Council instruments on registration, capital, names, foreign investment, and SOE governance.
国务院2026年度立法工作计划
State Council annual legislative work plan calling for supporting regulations to ensure full implementation of the Private Economy Promotion Law, alongside broader work on fair competition, unified market construction, and local legislative support.
国有企业管理人员处分条例
State Council regulation governing discipline of state-owned enterprise management personnel, including covered personnel, sanction types, violation categories, procedures, and legal responsibility.
国务院关于实施《中华人民共和国公司法》注册资本登记管理制度的规定
Implements the 2023 Company Law's registered-capital discipline, including transition rules for pre-existing companies with long contribution periods and SAMR scrutiny of abnormal capital arrangements.
国务院关于经营者集中申报标准的规定
State Council regulation setting turnover-based filing thresholds for concentrations of undertakings under the Anti-Monopoly Law.
中共中央 国务院关于促进民营经济发展壮大的意见
Top-level policy opinion on optimizing the private-economy development environment, strengthening policy support, improving rule-of-law guarantees, and guiding private enterprises toward modern governance and compliance.
私募投资基金监督管理条例
State Council regulation for private investment fund managers, fundraising, investment operation, investor protection, venture capital funds, and regulatory enforcement.
国务院办公厅关于上市公司独立董事制度改革的意见
Policy opinion setting the reform agenda for listed-company independent directors, including role positioning, appointment, performance support, supervision, accountability, and coordinated governance.
促进个体工商户发展条例
State Council regulation defining and supporting individual industrial and commercial households, useful for distinguishing individual businesses from companies, partnerships, and sole proprietorships.
中华人民共和国市场主体登记管理条例
A unified registration framework for companies and other market entities, covering registered items, procedures, deregistration, and market-exit administration.
证券期货行政执法当事人承诺制度实施办法
State Council regulation creating the administrative enforcement commitment system for securities and futures cases, allowing investigated parties to correct misconduct, compensate investors, remove harm, and obtain termination of investigation after fulfilling approved commitments.
企业名称登记管理规定
Core State Council rules on enterprise-name composition, name declaration, prohibited or restricted names, name disputes, and registration authority review.
中华人民共和国外商投资法实施条例
State Council implementing regulation for foreign-investment promotion, protection, management, negative-list administration, information reporting, policy transparency, and transitional issues.
中华人民共和国合伙企业登记管理办法（2019年修订）
Administrative registration rules for partnership enterprises, complementing the Partnership Enterprise Law and market-entity registration system.
企业投资项目核准和备案管理条例
State Council regulation allocating approval and filing responsibilities for enterprise fixed-asset investment projects and requiring project information disclosure and supervision.
中华人民共和国公司登记管理条例（2016年修订）
The main company-registration regulation before the current market-entity registration regime.
企业信息公示暂行条例
State Council regulation establishing the enterprise-credit information disclosure system, annual reports, real-time enterprise information publication, and credit constraints.
中华人民共和国公司登记管理条例（2014年修订）
Company-registration regulation aligned with the 2013 subscribed-capital reform, before the later market-entity registration regime.
中华人民共和国合伙企业登记管理办法（2014年修订）
Historical State Council registration measures for partnership enterprises after the 2006 Partnership Enterprise Law.
外国企业或者个人在中国境内设立合伙企业管理办法
State Council rules for foreign enterprises or individuals establishing partnership enterprises in China.
证券公司监督管理条例
State Council regulation on securities-company governance, compliance officers, client assets, securities asset management, and regulatory supervision.
中华人民共和国合伙企业登记管理办法（2007年修订）
Registration measures accompanying the 2006 Partnership Enterprise Law revision and the introduction of limited partnerships.
中华人民共和国公司登记管理条例
The original company-registration regulation supporting the first PRC Company Law.
企业债券管理条例
State Council regulation on enterprise bonds, including issuance approval, investor protection, proceeds use, disclosure, and supervision of enterprise-bond fundraising.
Supreme People's Court interpretations, replies, minutes, and judicial policy materials.
最高人民法院公司法司法解释（征求意见稿）中的越权决议规则
Draft rule distinguishing resolutions that exceed statutory organ powers, which may be invalid, from resolutions that merely violate the articles, which generally create revocation rather than invalidity grounds.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的解释（征求意见稿）
Draft post-2023 Company Law judicial interpretation consolidating and updating rules on formation, shareholder contributions, company organs, control, creditor-facing contribution liability, dissolution, and liquidation.
最高人民法院关于贯彻落实《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法》的指导意见
Supreme People's Court guidance with 25 judicial measures for implementing the Private Economy Promotion Law and protecting private enterprises through equal treatment, property protection, fair competition, strict and fair adjudication, and procedural mechanisms.
最高人民法院关于《中华人民共和国公司法》第八十八条第一款不溯及适用的批复
Clarifies that Article 88(1) of the 2023 Company Law applies only to equity transfers of unmatured subscribed capital occurring on or after 1 July 2024.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》时间效力的若干规定
Guidance on how courts apply the 2023 Company Law to disputes involving facts, legal acts, or legal relationships that straddle the law's effective date.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国民法典》合同编通则若干问题的解释
Judicial interpretation on general contract rules under the Civil Code, including Article 20 on contracts concluded by a legal representative or responsible person beyond authority.
最高人民法院关于审理证券市场虚假陈述侵权民事赔偿案件的若干规定
The core judicial interpretation for civil liability arising from false statements in securities issuance and trading, covering acceptance, jurisdiction, materiality, causation, fault, defenses, joint liability, and loss calculation.
最高人民法院关于审理外商投资企业纠纷案件若干问题的规定（一）（2020年修正）
SPC rules on disputes involving foreign-invested enterprises, important after the Foreign Investment Law unified the FIE regime.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的规定（二）
Judicial rules on company dissolution and liquidation disputes, including deadlock dissolution, liquidation duties, loss of accounting records, and liability of liquidation obligors.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的规定（三）
Judicial rules on company formation, capital contributions, defective contributions, withdrawal of capital, nominee shareholding, equity transfers involving unpaid contributions, and related creditor remedies.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的规定（五）
Judicial rules focused on shareholder protection, including related-party transaction liability, removal of directors, and implementation of profit distribution resolutions.
最高人民法院关于证券纠纷代表人诉讼若干问题的规定
Judicial interpretation implementing ordinary and special representative litigation for mass securities disputes, including false statements, insider trading, and market manipulation.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国外商投资法》若干问题的解释
SPC interpretation on foreign-investment contract validity, negative-list restrictions, and the post-Foreign Investment Law shift away from treating every foreign-investment dispute as an approval problem.
全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要
The Ninth Civil and Commercial Trial Minutes include influential guidance on company personality denial, external guarantees, representative authority, valuation-adjustment mechanisms, nominee shareholding, contribution acceleration, and corporate-governance defects in transactions.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国企业破产法》若干问题的规定（三）
SPC interpretation on bankruptcy practice questions, including creditor meetings, claims, and reorganization-related issues.
全国法院破产审判工作会议纪要
SPC bankruptcy-trial guidance on market exit, reorganization, administrator practice, creditor protection, enterprise rescue, and judicial coordination.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的规定（四）
Judicial interpretation focused on company resolutions, shareholder information rights, profit distribution, pre-emption rights, and derivative litigation.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的规定（一）（2014年修正）
A foundational SPC company-law interpretation that remains relevant for transitional and interpretive questions.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国企业破产法》若干问题的规定（二）
SPC interpretation addressing bankruptcy estate, debtor property, transaction avoidance, and creditor protection issues.
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国企业破产法》若干问题的规定（一）
SPC interpretation on Enterprise Bankruptcy Law issues, relevant to market exit and company insolvency.
关于审理公司强制清算案件工作座谈会纪要
SPC minutes on compulsory liquidation procedure and court handling of deadlock and market-exit cases.
Rules, measures, guidelines, and regulatory documents issued by ministries, commissions, SAMR, CSRC, SASAC, MOFCOM, NDRC, and exchanges.
“法治护航民营经济”行动方案
NDRC implementation plan for deepening implementation of the Private Economy Promotion Law, including legal education, supporting institutions, issue collection, implementation effectiveness, experience sharing, and long-term mechanisms.
经营主体登记文书规范和经营主体登记提交材料规范（2026年版）
National document and material standards for business-entity registration, updating application forms, contribution-term data collection, real-name confirmation, migration filings, agent information, and company-law implementation details.
上海证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第1号——规范运作（2026年4月修订）
SSE self-regulatory guideline on listed-company governance, articles, shareholder meetings, board and senior-management duties, controlling shareholders, internal control, fundraising, and disclosure operations.
深圳证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第1号——主板上市公司规范运作（2026年修订）
SZSE self-regulatory guideline for main-board listed companies, covering governance structure, shareholder meetings, directors and officers, controlling shareholders, internal control, fundraising, and information disclosure.
鼓励外商投资产业目录（2025年版）
The current encouraged foreign-investment catalogue, with national and regional encouraged sectors that can support industrial-policy, tax, customs, land, and project-service analysis.
证券期货行政执法当事人承诺制度实施规定
Current CSRC procedural rule for administrative enforcement commitments, including acceptance conditions, investigation-stage requirements, commitment funds, good-faith constraints, and implementation procedures.
上市公司治理准则
Updated listed-company governance code addressing shareholders, boards, directors, senior managers, controlling shareholders, actual controllers, information disclosure, internal control, sustainability reporting, and governance improvement.
中央企业违规经营投资责任追究实施办法
SASAC rules establishing accountability for central enterprise personnel whose illegal or improper business operations or investments cause state-asset loss or other adverse consequences.
市场监督管理信用修复管理办法
SAMR rules for credit repair after administrative penalties, abnormal-operation listings, or serious-dishonesty listings, including conditions, procedures, and information-system updates.
强制注销公司登记制度实施办法
SAMR rules implementing compulsory company deregistration, relevant to dormant companies, market exit, and registration cleanup.
经营主体登记申请及代理行为管理办法
Rules on registration applications and agency conduct, useful for false registration, identity misuse, and filing-integrity problems.
关于实施鼓励外商投资企业境内再投资若干措施的通知
Seven-department policy measures encouraging foreign-invested enterprises to reinvest undistributed profits or foreign investors' lawful China-source profits into new entities, capital increases, acquisitions, and projects in China.
上市公司信息披露管理办法
Current CSRC rules on periodic reports, interim reports, disclosure obligations, directors' and officers' responsibilities, service-provider duties, supervision, and legal liability.
商务部关于开展外商投资企业境内投资信息报告试点的公告
MOFCOM pilot requiring or facilitating domestic-investment information reporting by FIEs in selected regions, including Jiangsu, Shanghai, Tianjin, Liaoning, Hebei, Hunan, Shaanxi, and Chongqing.
上市公司信息披露暂缓与豁免管理规定
CSRC rules on when listed companies may defer or exempt disclosure, and how internal controls and later disclosure should operate.
上市公司重大资产重组管理办法（2025年修订）
CSRC measures governing listed-company major asset reorganizations, disclosure, approvals, shareholder protection, and transaction supervision.
中国人民银行 中国证监会关于支持发行科技创新债券有关事宜的公告
Policy rule expanding sci-tech innovation bonds for financial institutions, technology enterprises, private equity institutions, and venture-capital institutions, with flexible terms, simplified disclosure, specialized ratings, market-making, and risk-sharing support.
北京证券交易所股票上市规则（2025年修订）
BSE listing rules for admission, continuous disclosure, governance, related-party transactions, risk warnings, delisting, and self-regulatory management of listed companies.
北京证券交易所上市公司持续监管指引第1号——独立董事（2025年4月修订）
BSE continuing-supervision guideline on independent directors, including qualifications, nomination, election, special duties, independence, meeting mechanisms, and exchange oversight.
全国中小企业股份转让系统挂牌公司持续监管指引第2号——提供担保
NEEQ continuing-supervision guideline on guarantees by quoted companies, including board and shareholder approvals, guarantee calculations, risk assessment, disclosure, and prohibited unauthorised guarantees.
全国中小企业股份转让系统挂牌公司治理指引第3号——表决权差异安排
NEEQ governance guideline for differential voting-right arrangements of applicant and quoted companies, including eligibility, articles, disclosure, protective matters, and termination.
全国中小企业股份转让系统挂牌公司治理规则
NEEQ governance rules for quoted companies, including articles, shareholder meetings, board and supervisory arrangements, directors and officers, related-party transactions, guarantees, and investor protection.
全国中小企业股份转让系统挂牌公司信息披露规则
NEEQ rules for quoted-company information disclosure, including periodic reports, interim reports, disclosure management, confidentiality, exemptions, and sponsor-broker supervision.
全国中小企业股份转让系统股票定向发行业务规则适用指引第1号
NEEQ application guideline for private placements by quoted and applicant companies, including the 200-shareholder threshold, major adjustments, information disclosure, and review practice.
全国中小企业股份转让系统股票挂牌规则
NEEQ rules for public transfer and quotation of company shares, including listing conditions, application, review, simultaneous issuance, information disclosure, governance, and self-regulatory measures.
上海证券交易所股票上市规则（2025年4月修订）
SSE listing rules governing listed-company admission, continuous disclosure, governance, related-party transactions, trading risk warnings, suspension, resumption, and delisting.
深圳证券交易所股票上市规则（2025年修订）
SZSE listing rules governing admission, continuous disclosure, governance, related-party transactions, trading risk warnings, suspension, resumption, and delisting of listed companies.
关于修改《证券发行与承销管理办法》的决定
CSRC's 2025 amendment to the securities issuance and underwriting rules, including IPO placement arrangements and exchange-level implementation space.
上市公司章程指引
Model and mandatory guidance for listed-company articles after the 2023 Company Law, including audit committees, shareholder meetings, directors, controllers, independent directors, and governance mechanics.
上市公司股东会规则
CSRC rules on convening, proposals, voting, online participation, and disclosure for listed-company shareholders' meetings.
上市公司收购管理办法（2025年修正）
CSRC measures governing listed-company takeovers, control changes, tender offers, disclosure, exemptions, adviser duties, and investor protection.
上市公司证券发行注册管理办法
CSRC rules for listed-company securities offerings, including shares, convertible bonds, depositary receipts, registration review, and issuer disclosure obligations.
深圳证券交易所可转换公司债券交易实施细则（2025年修订）
SZSE trading rules for convertible company bonds, including matching, trading units, price limits, first-day price ranges, abnormal trading, and trading supervision.
经营主体登记档案管理办法
Rules on registration archives for market entities, relevant to public records, document access, and evidentiary use of registration files.
企业公示信息抽查办法
SAMR rules for random and targeted inspections of enterprise-publicity information, including annual reports, real-time disclosures, inspection methods, and result publication.
企业经营异常名录管理办法
SAMR rules for placing enterprises on, and removing them from, the abnormal-operations list when they fail public-disclosure, domicile-contact, or other credit obligations.
上市公司监管指引第11号——上市公司破产重整相关事项
CSRC guideline on listed-company bankruptcy reorganization, connecting securities regulation with court reorganization practice.
企业国有资产交易操作规则
SASAC operating rules for enterprise state-owned asset transactions through property-exchange institutions, including equity transfers, capital increases, asset transfers, announcements, bidding, and contracts.
公司登记管理实施办法
Company-specific registration rules issued after the 2023 Company Law, covering incorporation, registered particulars, change filings, deregistration, branches, public disclosure, and registration supervision.
证券期货法律适用意见第19号——《上市公司收购管理办法》第十三条、第十四条的适用意见
CSRC application opinion clarifying the operation of Articles 13 and 14 of the listed-company takeover measures, relevant to shareholding disclosure and changes in interests.
资产评估机构从事证券服务业务备案办法
Joint MOF-CSRC rules requiring asset appraisal institutions to file before engaging in securities services and defining filing materials, updates, supervision, and sanctions.
金融机构国有资产评估监督管理办法
Ministry of Finance rules on asset appraisal for financial institutions' state-owned assets, including appraisal triggers, filing, supervision, and professional responsibilities.
上市公司监管指引第10号——市值管理
CSRC guideline on market-value management for listed companies, including governance, disclosure, and duties of controlling shareholders and directors.
外国投资者对上市公司战略投资管理办法
Joint rules for foreign investors' strategic investments in A-share listed companies through private placement, agreement transfer, tender offer, and other statutory routes.
外商投资准入特别管理措施（负面清单）（2024年版）
The current national negative list for foreign-investment access, identifying prohibited and restricted sectors and confirming national-treatment management outside listed restrictions.
关于新时代中央企业高标准履行社会责任的指导意见
SASAC guidance requiring central enterprises to integrate social responsibility into operations, governance, ESG practice, overseas operations, stakeholder communication, supervision, and assessment.
上市公司股东减持股份管理暂行办法
CSRC measures governing listed-company shareholder share reductions, disclosure, lock-up discipline, and market-order protection.
上市公司董事、监事和高级管理人员所持本公司股份及其变动管理规则
CSRC rules on shareholdings and trading by listed-company directors, supervisors, and senior executives.
北京证券交易所上市公司持续监管指引第11号——可持续发展报告（试行）
BSE sustainability-reporting guideline for listed companies, aligning the Beijing market with China's exchange-based sustainability and ESG reporting framework.
上海证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第14号——可持续发展报告（试行）
SSE sustainability-reporting guideline for main-board and STAR Market listed companies, covering governance, environmental, social, innovation, and disclosure-quality topics.
深圳证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第17号——可持续发展报告（试行）
SZSE sustainability-reporting guideline for main-board and ChiNext listed companies, including sustainability governance, environmental and social topics, and disclosure mechanics.
北京证券交易所向不特定合格投资者公开发行股票并上市审核规则
BSE rules for public offerings to unspecified qualified investors and listing review, including issuer review, intermediary duties, listing committee process, and exchange discipline.
上海证券交易所股票发行上市审核规则（2024年4月修订）
SSE rules for IPO and listing review, including application, acceptance, review inquiries, listing committee deliberation, reporting to CSRC registration, suspension, termination, and exchange discipline.
深圳证券交易所股票发行上市审核规则（2024年修订）
SZSE rules for stock issuance and listing review, including acceptance, inquiries, listing committee review, reporting to CSRC registration, suspensions, terminations, and self-regulatory measures.
关于优化中央企业资产评估管理有关事项的通知
SASAC notice improving central enterprise asset-appraisal administration, including major appraisal project management, expert review, valuation project systems, and appraisal institution quality evaluation.
上市公司监管指引第3号——上市公司现金分红（2023年修订）
CSRC guideline on listed-company cash dividends, profit distribution policies, and investor-return disclosure.
上市公司股份回购规则
CSRC rules on listed-company share repurchases, including purposes, procedure, disclosure, and trading restrictions.
上市公司向特定对象发行可转换公司债券购买资产规则
Special CSRC rules for listed companies using directional convertible bonds as payment instruments in asset-purchase and restructuring transactions.
公司债券发行与交易管理办法
CSRC rules for company-bond and enterprise-bond issuance and trading, including registration, disclosure, investor protection, bondholder rights, and intermediary duties.
企业名称登记管理规定实施办法
Detailed implementing rules on enterprise-name self-declaration, prohibited content, industry descriptors, administrative divisions, name disputes, and name correction.
上市公司独立董事管理办法
Detailed rules on independent director qualifications, independence, nomination, election, duties, special committees, special meetings, supervision, and legal responsibility.
企业名称登记管理规定实施办法
SAMR implementing measures for enterprise-name registration, declaration, review, use, dispute handling, and supervision.
国有企业参股管理暂行办法
SASAC rules for non-controlling equity investments by state-owned enterprises, covering investment direction, decision-making, shareholder-right exercise, post-investment management, exit, and accountability.
境内企业境外发行证券和上市管理试行办法
The filing-based regime for direct and indirect overseas listings by PRC domestic companies, including red-chip structures and post-listing filing obligations.
企业投资项目核准和备案管理办法
NDRC implementing measures for enterprise investment project approval and filing, including procedures, project changes, information reporting, and legal liabilities.
经营者集中审查规定
SAMR rules on merger-control filings, review procedure, investigation of unlawful concentrations, confidentiality, remedies, and legal liability.
首次公开发行股票注册管理办法
CSRC rules for IPO registration under the registration-based offering system, linking issuer conditions, exchange review, CSRC registration, and disclosure responsibility.
证券期货经营机构私募资产管理业务管理办法
CSRC rules for private asset-management business by securities and futures institutions, including product governance, fiduciary duties, leverage, risk controls, and investor protection.
中央企业合规管理办法
SASAC rules requiring central enterprises to build compliance management systems across governance bodies, compliance offices, key areas, reporting, accountability, information systems, and overseas operations.
中央企业节约能源与生态环境保护监督管理办法
SASAC rules on central enterprises' energy conservation and ecological environmental protection, including organization, monitoring, environmental due diligence in M&A, disclosure, reporting, assessment, and accountability.
中华人民共和国市场主体登记管理条例实施细则
SAMR implementing rules for market-entity registration, including company and partnership registration, business scope, registered capital, changes, deregistration, archives, and supervision.
中华人民共和国市场主体登记管理条例实施细则
Detailed SAMR rules on market-entity registration, filing materials, registration standards, changes, suspension, deregistration, archival management, supervision, and legal responsibility.
中央企业重大经营风险事件报告工作规则
SASAC rules requiring central enterprises to report major operational risk events, define reporting responsibilities, report scope, procedures, follow-up, and consequences for delayed or omitted reporting.
关于推进中央企业高质量发展做好碳达峰碳中和工作的指导意见
SASAC guidance placing carbon peaking and carbon neutrality into central enterprise development strategy, investment planning, industrial restructuring, technology innovation, emissions management, and green transformation.
北京证券交易所上市公司持续监管办法（试行）
CSRC measures for continuous supervision of BSE-listed companies, covering governance, disclosure, share reductions, equity incentives, major asset reorganizations, and delisting.
非上市公众公司信息披露管理办法（2021年修订）
CSRC disclosure rules for non-listed public companies, including regular reports, interim reports, and accountability.
非上市公众公司监督管理办法（2021年修订）
CSRC measures for non-listed public companies, bridging private corporate governance and public-market regulation.
证券交易所管理办法
CSRC rules on securities exchange organization, governance, self-regulatory functions, listing-rule systems, and market supervision.
中央企业董事会工作规则（试行）
SASAC working rules on central enterprise boards, covering board formation, functions, powers, operating mechanisms, decision procedures, support, supervision, and directors' rights and duties.
市场监督管理严重违法失信名单管理办法
SAMR rules for listing, managing, and removing seriously illegal and dishonest market participants, including credit constraints and procedural protections.
市场监督管理行政处罚信息公示规定
SAMR provisions on public disclosure of market-regulation administrative penalties, disclosure platforms, time limits, corrections, early termination, and credit implications.
证券公司股权管理规定
CSRC provisions on securities-company shareholders, actual controllers, equity changes, qualifications, governance commitments, and regulatory review.
国资监管责任约谈工作规则
SASAC rules for supervisory responsibility interviews when central enterprises have major problems, asset losses, risk hazards, violations, or other serious matters requiring warning, rectification, or accountability.
可转换公司债券管理办法
CSRC rules defining convertible bonds as equity-like securities and regulating their trading, transfer, disclosure, conversion, redemption, put-back, price adjustment, investor suitability, and market monitoring.
外商投资安全审查办法
Rules for national-security review of foreign investments in military, important agriculture, energy, infrastructure, transport, cultural products, information technology, internet products, financial services, and key technologies.
国有企业公司章程制定管理办法
SASAC-MOF rules for drafting, amending, reviewing, and approving articles of association of state-owned wholly owned and controlled companies, with emphasis on Party leadership and governance structure.
公司信用类债券信息披露管理办法
Unified information-disclosure rules for corporate credit bonds, covering issuance documents, periodic reporting, interim reporting, issuer duties, and intermediary responsibilities.
规范产权交易机构开展金融企业国有产权交易管理暂行规定
Ministry of Finance provisions on qualified property-exchange institutions, information systems, transaction reporting, and supervision for financial enterprise state-owned property-right trading.
中央企业控股上市公司实施股权激励工作指引
SASAC guideline for equity incentives in listed companies controlled by central enterprises, covering incentive plans, approval, disclosure, performance conditions, implementation, and state-owned shareholder duties.
上市公司收购管理办法（2020年修正）
CSRC measures governing listed-company takeovers, control changes, tender offers, disclosure, and investor protection.
非上市公众公司收购管理办法
CSRC rules on acquisitions and equity changes in non-listed public companies traded through the National Equities Exchange and Quotations system.
有限合伙企业国有权益登记暂行规定
SASAC provisions extending state-owned interest registration to limited partnerships, including registration subjects, partnership interests, triggering events, deadlines, recordkeeping, and supervision.
外商投资信息报告办法
Rules requiring foreign investors and foreign-invested enterprises to submit initial, change, deregistration, and annual investment information through the registration and enterprise-credit systems.
中国共产党国有企业基层组织工作条例（试行）
Party regulation on the organization, duties, leadership role, governance integration, cadre management, grassroots work, and accountability of Party organizations in state-owned enterprises.
金融机构国有股权董事管理暂行办法
Ministry of Finance rules on appointing and managing state-owned equity directors in financial institutions, including duties, reporting, coordination, and performance evaluation.
信用评级业管理暂行办法
Joint rules for credit rating agencies, rating business governance, conflicts of interest, information disclosure, supervision, and sanctions across bond and securities markets.
国有金融资本出资人职责暂行规定
State Council General Office provisions defining fiscal authorities' investor duties over state-owned financial capital, including governance, appointment, budgets, supervision, and reporting.
中央企业混合所有制改革操作指引
SASAC operating guideline for mixed-ownership reform by central enterprise subsidiaries through property-right transfers, capital increases, IPOs, listed-company restructurings, new entities, or investments.
关于加强中央企业内部控制体系建设与监督工作的实施意见
SASAC implementation opinion on central enterprise internal-control systems, requiring risk assessment before major investment, M&A, reform, and restructuring decisions, plus supervision, rectification, and accountability.
外商投资合伙企业登记管理规定（2019年修订）
SAMR rules on foreign-invested partnership registration before the current unified market-entity registration framework.
上市公司国有股权监督管理办法
Joint rules governing changes in state-owned shareholdings of listed companies, including transfers, acquisitions, subscriptions, asset restructurings, and approval or filing procedures.
关于规范金融机构资产管理业务的指导意见
The asset-management guidance known as the New Asset Management Rules, establishing unified standards for asset-management products, net-value management, suitability, information disclosure, rigid-redemption prohibition, nesting limits, leverage, and channel-business control.
企业境外投资管理办法
NDRC rules on outbound investment by enterprises, including project approval, filing, reporting, supervision, and sanctions for noncompliance.
中央科技型企业实施分红激励工作指引
SASAC guideline for project and position dividend incentives in central enterprise controlled unlisted technology enterprises, including plan formulation, decision procedure, implementation, and review.
中央企业投资监督管理办法
SASAC rules for central enterprises' domestic fixed-asset and equity investments, including annual investment plans, negative lists, major project governance, post-evaluation, reporting, and accountability.
中央企业境外投资监督管理办法
SASAC rules for central enterprises' overseas investments, including overseas investment plans, negative lists, project classification, risk assessment, decision procedures, reporting, and accountability.
关于推进中央企业信息公开的指导意见
SASAC guidance on central enterprise information disclosure, including basic registration information, governance structure, financial results, state-capital preservation, restructuring, property-right transactions, and CSR.
政府出资产业投资基金管理暂行办法
NDRC rules for government-sponsored industrial investment funds, including fund establishment, registration, investment direction, fund manager duties, and credit-information supervision.
企业国有资产交易监督管理办法
Rules governing transfers of enterprise state-owned equity, capital increases, and major asset transfers, including public exchange requirements, approval authority, information disclosure, and supervision.
国有科技型企业股权和分红激励暂行办法
Joint rules for equity and dividend incentives in state-owned technology enterprises, including eligible enterprises, incentive recipients, equity sale, equity awards, options, project dividends, and approval.
政府投资基金暂行管理办法
Ministry of Finance rules for government investment funds, including formation, operation, risk control, budget management, withdrawal, and asset administration.
外商投资项目核准和备案管理办法
NDRC rules on foreign-invested project approval and filing, including project reports, supervision, information systems, and coordination with industrial and market-access policy.
私募投资基金监督管理暂行办法
CSRC rules for private investment fund managers, qualified investors, fundraising, registration and filing, investment operation, information disclosure, and enforcement.
国家出资企业产权登记管理暂行办法
SASAC rules requiring state-invested enterprises and their controlled enterprises, including certain investee equity, to complete property-right registration and maintain dynamic ownership records.
企业民主管理规定
Rules on employee congresses, employee participation, democratic management, factory-affairs disclosure, and employee representative mechanisms across enterprise forms.
金融企业非上市国有产权交易规则
Ministry of Finance rules for non-listed state-owned property-right transactions of financial enterprises through property-exchange institutions, including disclosure, bidding, contracts, and settlement.
中央企业境外国有产权管理暂行办法
SASAC rules for overseas state-owned property-right registration, valuation, transfers, changes in non-listed state-owned shareholding, mergers, divisions, liquidation, and offshore listing share changes.
中央企业境外国有资产监督管理暂行办法
SASAC rules on supervising overseas state-owned assets of central enterprises, including corporate governance, asset management, internal control, risk management, reporting, and supervision.
地方国有资产监管工作指导监督办法
SASAC rules for guiding and supervising local state-owned asset regulators, including local SOE reform, property-right transfers, state-owned equity management, appraisal, statistics, and major asset-loss matters.
金融企业国有资产转让管理办法
Ministry of Finance rules governing transfers of state-owned assets in financial enterprises, including approval, valuation, property-exchange transactions, securities-system transfers, and liabilities.
银行间债券市场非金融企业债务融资工具管理办法
People's Bank of China rules governing non-financial enterprises' debt-financing instruments in the interbank bond market, including issuance registration and market self-regulation.
企业国有资产评估管理暂行办法
SASAC rules on enterprise state-owned asset appraisal for restructuring, non-cash contributions, mergers, divisions, non-listed state-owned equity-ratio changes, transfers, and other valuation-triggering transactions.
关于国有独资公司董事会建设的指导意见（试行）
SASAC guidance for board construction in wholly state-owned companies, including board powers, manager appointment, investment decisions, guarantees, internal reform, and reporting to SASAC.
企业国有产权转让管理暂行办法
Earlier SASAC-MOF rules for enterprise state-owned property-right transfers, including internal decision-making, audits, appraisal, property-exchange listing, and approval.
企业国有资产监督管理暂行条例
Framework regulation for state-owned asset supervision, investor-function allocation, SASAC responsibilities, enterprise leadership management, major matters, and state-asset preservation.
Local company-registration, business-environment, and special-zone materials.
北京市优化营商环境条例（2024年修订）
Beijing's business-environment regulation, including company-registration facilitation, standardized domicile registration, and free-trade-zone registration reforms.
上海市经营主体住所登记管理办法
Shanghai rules on business-entity domicile registration, including one address with multiple licenses, one license with multiple premises, and standardized domicile databases.
深圳经济特区商事登记若干规定（2020年修订）
Shenzhen's core commercial-registration regulation for establishment, changes, deregistration, branch registration, disclosure, and abnormal-operation listings.
深圳经济特区优化营商环境条例
Shenzhen special-zone regulation on business environment, including commercial registration reform, deregistration, reorganization interfaces, and enterprise-rights protection.
Company-law statutes, governance codes, securities rules, and restructuring sources from comparator jurisdictions.
17 C.F.R. section 240.14a-9
U.S. proxy antifraud rule prohibiting materially false or misleading statements or omissions in proxy solicitations.
17 C.F.R. Part 243
U.S. selective-disclosure regime requiring public companies to make broad public disclosure when material nonpublic information is intentionally or unintentionally disclosed to specified market professionals or security holders.
17 C.F.R. Part 229
U.S. integrated disclosure regulation setting line-item requirements for registration statements, periodic reports, proxy statements, business descriptions, risk factors, MD&A, governance, and executive compensation.
17 C.F.R. section 240.10b-5
The central U.S. antifraud rule for securities transactions, prohibiting deceptive devices, material misstatements or omissions, and fraudulent acts in connection with purchases or sales of securities.
U.S. safe-harbor rule permitting private resales of eligible securities to qualified institutional buyers, central to many institutional debt and high-yield bond offerings.
Singapore's principal companies legislation, covering incorporation, management, shares, accounts, registers, director duties, and winding up.
The dominant U.S. corporate statute for large corporations, covering certificates of incorporation, authorized shares, par and no-par stock, class rights, bylaws, corporate powers, ultra vires, fiduciary architecture, and shareholder remedies.
European Commission materials for the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive, the EU framework for regulating managers of private equity, hedge, real estate, and other alternative funds.
Directive (EU) 2026/470
EU Omnibus amendment affecting audit, accounting, CSRD, and CSDDD rules as part of the 2025-2026 sustainability simplification package.
UK government guidance on limited partnership registration, useful with the statutory PFLP reforms for comparing private-fund limited partnership design.
CIMA FAQ explaining private funds, including company, unit trust, and partnership structures, pooling of investor funds, and regulatory registration concepts.
公司法
Taiwan's principal company statute, including Article 1's permissive CSR language and Article 154's codified exception to shareholder limited liability for severe abuse of corporate personality causing payment difficulty.
海南自由贸易港外商投资条例
Local Hainan Free Trade Port regulation on foreign-investment promotion, services, protection, management, and special facilitation issues including orderly cross-border data flows.
FCA guidance on the UK regulatory framework for alternative investment fund managers, including authorization and regulatory requirements under UK AIFMD.
Directive (EU) 2025/794
EU amendment directive postponing the application of selected CSRD reporting and CSDDD due-diligence requirements while the Omnibus simplification process proceeded.
香港交易所《企业管治守则》
Hong Kong's comply-or-explain governance code for listed issuers, a close comparator for Chinese listed-company governance.
英国《公司治理守则 2024》
The UK's comply-or-explain listed-company governance code, updated on internal controls and board accountability.
The FCA sourcebook for admission to the Official List, continuing obligations, sponsor rules, control transactions, and specialist listing categories under the reformed UK listing regime.
Directive (EU) 2024/1760
EU directive requiring large in-scope companies to address adverse human-rights and environmental impacts in their own operations, subsidiaries, and chains of activities.
SEC guidance explaining Rule 506(b), a private-placement safe harbor under Securities Act Section 4(a)(2), including no general solicitation, accredited investors, sophisticated non-accredited investors, disclosure, restricted securities, Form D, and bad-actor disqualification.
SEC overview of private funds, including pooled investment structure, limited partners, Investment Company Act exclusions, adviser regulation, exempt offerings, Regulation D, and anti-fraud rules.
SEC climate-disclosure rulemaking requiring climate-risk and related financial disclosures, stayed during litigation, no longer defended by the SEC in 2025, and proposed for rescission in 2026.
英国《收购与合并守则》
The UK's core takeover regime, emphasizing equal treatment, open procedure, and board limits during control transactions.
香港《公司收购、合并及股份回购守则》
Hong Kong's takeover and share-buyback codes, focusing on equal treatment of shareholders and orderly control transactions.
Directive (EU) 2022/2464
EU directive expanding sustainability reporting obligations and linking company reporting to environmental, social, governance, and value-chain information.
德国《公司治理守则 2022》
Germany's recommendation-based governance code for listed stock corporations, emphasizing two-tier boards, supervisory independence, and disclosure.
新加坡《2018年破产、重组与解散法》
Singapore's unified framework for corporate and personal insolvency, restructuring, dissolution, judicial management, and creditor protection.
新加坡交易所主板上市规则（治理条款）
Singapore Exchange Mainboard Rules, including governance disclosure provisions that connect the governance code to annual reporting.
新加坡《公司治理守则（2018）》
Singapore's listed-company governance code, linked to SGX disclosure requirements through a comply-or-explain model.
SEC overview explaining private fund adviser registration after Dodd-Frank, Form ADV, Form PF, private fund operational reporting, and the role of SEC-registered investment advisers.
Regulation (EU) 2017/1129
EU prospectus regime for public offers and admissions to trading, setting disclosure, approval, exemption, summary, supplement, and responsibility rules.
Codified EU company-law directive containing rules on disclosure, incorporation, nullity, capital maintenance, capital alteration, mergers, and divisions.
美国《示范商业公司法》
The leading template for U.S. state corporation statutes, useful for comparing formation, board powers, shareholder meetings, and derivative enforcement.
Regulation (EU) No 596/2014
EU market-abuse regime covering insider dealing, unlawful disclosure of inside information, market manipulation, issuer disclosure of inside information, managers' transactions, and enforcement powers.
香港《公司（清盘及杂项条文）条例》（第32章）
Hong Kong legislation retaining key rules on prospectuses, winding up, corporate insolvency, and director disqualification.
公司条例（第622章）
Hong Kong's modern company statute, useful for comparing incorporation, solvency, directors' duties, member remedies, records, and public filing.
英国《公司示范章程细则条例 2008》
Default model articles for UK private companies, companies limited by guarantee, and public companies under the Companies Act 2006.
The UK's principal company statute, including incorporation, constitutional documents, share capital, allotment authority, distributions, company capacity, accounts, directors' duties, derivative claims, and member remedies.
Comparative working paper questioning whether legal capital remains a useful creditor-protection concept and surveying alternative mechanisms.
香港《证券及期货条例》（第571章）
Hong Kong's central securities and futures statute, important for listed-company governance, market misconduct, disclosure, and investor protection.
新加坡《证券与期货法 2001》
Singapore's main capital-markets statute for securities, futures, disclosure, takeovers, and market regulation.
美国《萨班斯-奥克斯利法》
A major U.S. public-company governance statute on audit committees, management certifications, internal control, disclosure, and accounting-fraud liability.
Classic comparative critique arguing that European legal-capital rules are costly and weak creditor-protection devices compared with more targeted protections.
德国《企业组织变更法》
German statute governing mergers, demergers, transfers of assets, and changes of legal form.
ALI《公司治理原则：分析与建议》
Influential U.S. corporate-governance principles on fiduciary duties, controlling-shareholder transactions, and derivative suits.
英国《公司董事取消资格法 1986》
The core UK statute on director disqualification, connecting governance, insolvency, wrongful conduct, and market protection.
英国《破产法 1986》
The main UK statute for company liquidation, administration, transaction avoidance, and director liability in insolvency.
德国《股份公司法》
Germany's core statute for stock corporations, including share capital, capital measures, two-tier boards, supervisory-board oversight, shareholder powers, affiliated-enterprise rules, control agreements, and group-law creditor protection.
美国《1934年证券交易法》
The core U.S. federal statute for continuous disclosure, proxy regulation, tender offers, insider trading, and securities-market oversight.
The federal statute governing public offers and sales of securities, registration statements, prospectus disclosure, exemptions, and civil liability for defective offering disclosure.
德国《有限责任公司法》
Germany's foundational statute for private limited companies, useful for comparing limited-liability company formation and governance.
The main HKEX rulebook for listing eligibility, continuing obligations, connected transactions, shareholder approvals, disclosure, and listed-company governance.